<\/p>\n
Ankara Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Beyaz\u0131t \u00dcniversitesi (AYB\u00dc) Hukuk Fak\u00fcltesi \u00d6\u011fretim \u00dcyesi ve SETA Uluslararas\u0131 Hukuk Uzman\u0131 Prof. Dr. Y\u00fccel Acer, bo\u011fazlardan ge\u00e7i\u015f hakk\u0131na ili\u015fkin hukuki d\u00fczenlemeleri ve H\u00fcrm\u00fcz Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019n\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 hukuk ba\u011flam\u0131ndaki stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc kaleme ald\u0131.
Son yar\u0131m as\u0131rd\u0131r devletlerin uluslararas\u0131 ekonomik ve ticari ili\u015fkiler \u00fczerinden birbirlerine olan kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6stermi\u015fken, uluslararas\u0131 ticari […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":60548,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4,5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-63717","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-genel","category-gundem"],"yoast_head":"\n
\n\tAnkara<\/a> Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Beyaz\u0131t \u00dcniversitesi (AYB\u00dc) Hukuk<\/a> Fak\u00fcltesi \u00d6\u011fretim \u00dcyesi ve SETA<\/a> Uluslararas\u0131 Hukuk Uzman\u0131 Prof. Dr. Y\u00fccel Acer, bo\u011fazlardan ge\u00e7i\u015f hakk\u0131na ili\u015fkin hukuki d\u00fczenlemeleri ve H\u00fcrm\u00fcz Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019n\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 hukuk ba\u011flam\u0131ndaki stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc kaleme ald\u0131.<\/p>\n
\n\tSon yar\u0131m as\u0131rd\u0131r devletlerin uluslararas\u0131 ekonomik ve ticari ili\u015fkiler \u00fczerinden birbirlerine olan kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6stermi\u015fken, uluslararas\u0131 ticari ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n en \u00f6nemli g\u00fczergah\u0131n\u0131 ise denizler, \u00f6zellikle de baz\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 bo\u011fazlar olu\u015fturmu\u015f ve olu\u015fturmaya devam etmektedir. Uluslararas\u0131 ticari ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fczde 70\u2019i denizler \u00fczerinden ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmekte, \u00f6zellikle de T\u00fcrk bo\u011fazlar\u0131 (\u00c7anakkale ve \u0130stanbul), Bab\u00fclmendep, H\u00fcrm\u00fcz, Singapur, Malaka gibi bo\u011fazlar ve Panama<\/a> ve S\u00fcvey\u015f gibi deniz ba\u011flant\u0131 kanallar\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131kta b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6neme sahiptir.<\/p>\n
\n\tDeniz ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sadece enerji<\/a> ba\u011flam\u0131nda de\u011fil ayn\u0131 zamanda g\u0131da<\/a> dahil hemen her alanda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yere sahip oldu\u011fu Rusya-Ukrayna sava\u015f\u0131nda da a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Karadeniz\u2019in gemi<\/a> trafi\u011fine kapanmas\u0131 d\u00fcnyada temel g\u0131da arz\u0131 sorununa yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f, \u00f6zellikle T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin arabuluculu\u011fu ile 22 Temmuz 2022’de olu\u015fturulan g\u0131da koridoru vas\u0131tas\u0131 ile kriz hafifletilebilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n
\n\t\u0130ran\u2019a sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu k\u00fcresel ekonomik tehditler \u00fczerinden uluslararas\u0131 hukuk ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak hat\u0131rlanmaktad\u0131r. H\u00fcrm\u00fcz Bo\u011faz\u0131<\/a> ba\u011flam\u0131nda uluslararas\u0131 bo\u011fazlardan ge\u00e7i\u015flerin hangi kurallara ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011funa bakmak ileriki d\u00f6nemler i\u00e7in a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\n\tDeniz ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131, bo\u011fazlar ve kanallar\u0131n \u00f6nemi<\/h2>\n
\n\tH\u00fcrm\u00fcz Bo\u011faz\u0131, T\u00fcrk bo\u011fazlar\u0131na benzer \u015fekilde baz\u0131 \u00fclkeler i\u00e7in ba\u015fka alternatifi olmayan bir deniz ge\u00e7i\u015f g\u00fczergah\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur. H\u00fcrm\u00fcz Bo\u011faz\u0131; Irak, Kuveyt, Katar<\/a> ve Bahreyn\u2019in d\u00fcnyan\u0131n di\u011fer denizlere ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n tek yolunu olu\u015ftururken, \u0130ran, Suudi Arabistan<\/a> ve Birle\u015fik Arap Emirlikleri\u2019nin (BAE) ise petrol<\/a> ihracat\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan tek i\u015flevsel deniz ula\u015f\u0131m<\/a> yoludur.<\/p>\n
\n\t2024 ve 2025\u2019te H\u00fcrm\u00fcz Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019ndan ge\u00e7en sevkiyatlar, toplam k\u00fcresel deniz yoluyla petrol ticaretinin d\u00f6rtte birinden fazlas\u0131n\u0131 ve k\u00fcresel petrol ve petrol \u00fcr\u00fcnleri t\u00fcketiminin yakla\u015f\u0131k be\u015fte birini olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Buna ek olarak k\u00fcresel s\u0131v\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f do\u011fal gaz<\/a> (LNG) ticaretinin yakla\u015f\u0131k be\u015fte biri de a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak Katar\u2019dan olmak \u00fczere, H\u00fcrm\u00fcz Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019ndan ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Bu nedenle petrol ya da LNG tankerlerinin H\u00fcrm\u00fcz Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019ndan ge\u00e7i\u015fleri ge\u00e7ici olarak dahi durdu\u011funda bu durumun k\u00fcresel enerji fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fckseltti\u011fi, nakliye maliyetlerini art\u0131rabilece\u011fi ve \u00f6nemli tedarik gecikmelerine yol a\u00e7abilece\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n
\n\tAyr\u0131ca H\u00fcrm\u00fcz Bo\u011faz\u0131, k\u00fcresel konteyner ticareti i\u00e7in de kilit \u00f6neme sahiptir. B\u00f6lgedeki Cebel Ali ve Hor Fakkan gibi limanlar k\u00fcresel a\u011flarda ara noktalar olarak hizmet veren aktarma merkezleridir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla H\u00fcrm\u00fcz Bo\u011faz\u0131; Dubai, Basra K\u00f6rfezi, G\u00fcney Asya ve Do\u011fu Afrika\u2019ya besleyici hizmetler sunan bir aktarma ve ba\u011flant\u0131 merkezi durumundad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\n\tD\u00fcnyan\u0131n ba\u015fka b\u00f6lgelerinde de uluslararas\u0131 deniz ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan merkezi \u00f6neme sahip bo\u011fazlar bulunmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrk bo\u011fazlar\u0131 g\u0131da, petrol, do\u011fal gaz ve ticari mallar\u0131n ge\u00e7i\u015fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan d\u00fcnya ticaretinde \u00f6nemli bir deniz yoludur. T\u00fcrk bo\u011fazlar\u0131nda bir y\u0131lda ge\u00e7en toplam gemi say\u0131s\u0131 80 bini bulurken ta\u015f\u0131nan y\u00fck her ge\u00e7en y\u0131l artmakta ve 400 milyon tonu a\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Benzeri bo\u011fazlar aras\u0131nda Singapur<\/a> ve Malakka bo\u011fazlar\u0131 da \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kan bo\u011fazlardand\u0131r. G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya\u2019da Hint Okyanusu ve G\u00fcney \u00c7in<\/a> Denizi aras\u0131nda yer alan bu bo\u011fazlar \u00c7in, Japonya, G\u00fcney Kore<\/a> gibi Asya’n\u0131n sanayi devlerine giden petrol ve hammadde sevkiyat\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n rotas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015ftururlar. D\u00fcnya ticaret<\/a> gemilerinin yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fczde 40\u2019\u0131n ge\u00e7ti\u011fi g\u00fczergahlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\n\tBo\u011fazlardan ge\u00e7i\u015flerin dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 hukuk ilkeleri ve H\u00fcrm\u00fcz Bo\u011faz\u0131<\/h2>\n
\n\tBo\u011fazlardan ge\u00e7i\u015flere dair hukuk ilkeleri iki grupta toplanmaktad\u0131r. Belirli bir bo\u011fazdan ge\u00e7i\u015fe dair \u00f6zel bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015fsa ge\u00e7i\u015fler bu s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine g\u00f6re yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Uluslararas\u0131 bo\u011fazlardan ge\u00e7i\u015fe dair ikinci grup kurallar ise ge\u00e7i\u015fi d\u00fczenleyen bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlarda uygulanan genel uluslararas\u0131 hukuk kurallar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\n\tT\u00fcrk bo\u011fazlar\u0131ndan ge\u00e7i\u015fler 1936’da yap\u0131lan ve \u00e7ok tarafl\u0131 bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme olan Montr\u00f6 Bo\u011fazlar S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019ne g\u00f6re yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. S\u00f6zle\u015fme, ilk maddesinde temel ilke olarak “ge\u00e7i\u015f serbestli\u011fi” ilkesini esas almaktad\u0131r. Ancak bar\u0131\u015f ve sava\u015f<\/a> zaman\u0131 ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin kendini yak\u0131n sava\u015f tehdidinde hissetmesi gibi \u00fc\u00e7 farkl\u0131 duruma g\u00f6re ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00fczenlemeleri yapmakta, ayr\u0131ca sava\u015f gemisi ve di\u011fer gemiler olarak da bir ayr\u0131m yaparak bu iki grup geminin ge\u00e7i\u015fine \u00e7e\u015fitli k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar getirmektedir.<\/p>\n
\n\tH\u00fcrm\u00fcz Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019ndan ge\u00e7i\u015flere dair ise \u00f6zel bir uluslararas\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fme bulunmamaktad\u0131r. H\u00fcrm\u00fcz Bo\u011faz\u0131 ile ilgili tek \u00f6zel d\u00fczenleme Uluslararas\u0131 Denizcilik \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn 1973\u2019te kabul etti\u011fi gemi trafik<\/a> d\u00fczenlemesidir. Bo\u011fazlardan ge\u00e7i\u015fe dair temel uluslararas\u0131 kural\u0131 “ula\u015f\u0131m serbestli\u011fi” oldu\u011fundan herhangi bir devlete kay\u0131tl\u0131, yani herhangi bir devletin bayra\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan gemiler H\u00fcrm\u00fcz Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019ndan zarars\u0131z ge\u00e7i\u015f hakk\u0131na sahiptir. Bu hak b\u00fct\u00fcn gemilere, \u00f6nceden izin almadan ve k\u0131y\u0131 devlet(ler)inin yasalar\u0131n\u0131 ihlal etmeden, bar\u0131\u015f\u0131na ve d\u00fczenine zarar vermeden durmaks\u0131z\u0131n ge\u00e7ip gitme hakk\u0131n\u0131 vermektedir. Bu ba\u011flamda yaln\u0131zca sava\u015f gemilerine \u00f6nceden bildirimde bulunma zorunlulu\u011fu getirilebilir. Nitekim \u0130ran, yabanc\u0131 sava\u015f gemilerinden bu bildirimi \u00f6tenden beri talep etmektedir.<\/p>\n
\n\tZarars\u0131z ge\u00e7i\u015f hakk\u0131, ge\u00e7i\u015f(ler)in zararl\u0131 hale gelmesi durumunda k\u0131y\u0131 devletince durdurulabilece\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelmektedir. H\u00fcrm\u00fcz Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019nda b\u00fct\u00fcn k\u0131y\u0131lar \u0130ran\u2019a ait olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan Tahran, sivil gemilerin ge\u00e7i\u015fini \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n bar\u0131\u015f\u0131na ve d\u00fczenine “zararl\u0131 olduklar\u0131” gerek\u00e7esiyle yaln\u0131zca kendi karasular\u0131 k\u0131sm\u0131nda durdurabilir. Uluslararas\u0131 hukukta zarars\u0131z ge\u00e7i\u015f hakk\u0131n\u0131n aksine, iptal edilemeyen ge\u00e7i\u015f hakk\u0131 olan bo\u011fazlardan “transit ge\u00e7i\u015f hakk\u0131”, 1982\u2019de imzalanan Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler<\/a> (BM) Deniz Hukuku S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi ile kabul edilmi\u015f, ancak \u0130ran<\/a> bu s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi onaylamad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bu h\u00fck\u00fcm \u0130ran\u2019\u0131 ba\u011flamamaktad\u0131r. Nitekim \u0130ran \u00f6teden beri transit ge\u00e7i\u015f<\/a> hakk\u0131n\u0131n H\u00fcrm\u00fcz Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019nda ge\u00e7erli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc s\u0131kl\u0131kla dile getirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
\n\tBir sava\u015f veya silahl\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma durumunda “uluslararas\u0131 bo\u011fazlardan serbest ge\u00e7i\u015f” ilkesinin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 ve \u015fartlar\u0131 ayr\u0131ca de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. Kural olarak sava\u015f zaman\u0131nda da uluslararas\u0131 bo\u011fazlardan sivil ticaret gemilerinin ge\u00e7i\u015finin serbest tutulmas\u0131 bir zorunluluktur. Montr\u00f6 Bo\u011fazlar S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi<\/a> ile d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f olan T\u00fcrk bo\u011fazlar\u0131ndan da sava\u015f durumunda belirli kurallara g\u00f6re ticaret gemilerinin ge\u00e7i\u015fi serbest olmaya devam etmektedir. H\u00fcrm\u00fcz Bo\u011faz\u0131 dahil di\u011fer uluslararas\u0131 bo\u011fazlarda da sava\u015f \u015fartlar\u0131nda dahi tarafs\u0131z gemilerin sava\u015fa dahil olmayan ticaret gemilerinin serbest\u00e7e ge\u00e7ebiliyor olmas\u0131 gerekiyor.<\/p>\n
\n\tBu ba\u011flamda, sava\u015fta olan k\u0131y\u0131 devletinin kendisine zararl\u0131 oldu\u011funu de\u011ferlendirdi\u011fi y\u00fck ta\u015f\u0131yan gemilerin ge\u00e7i\u015fine izin vermeme hakk\u0131na sahip oldu\u011fu kabul edilebilir. \u0130ran bu durumda H\u00fcrm\u00fcz Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019nda yaln\u0131zca kendi karasular\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan k\u0131sm\u0131nda bu t\u00fcr gemileri engelleme yetkisi kullanabilir.<\/p>\n
\n\tAncak bo\u011faz\u0131n tehdit ya da fiili sald\u0131r\u0131larla kapat\u0131lmas\u0131 durumunda askeri m\u00fcdahaleye izin veren BM G\u00fcvenlik Konseyi<\/a> karar\u0131 olmaks\u0131z\u0131n silahl\u0131 m\u00fcdahalede bulunulmas\u0131 hukuki olmayacakt\u0131r. \u015eayet ticaret gemilerine silahl\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131 varsa bu sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesi i\u00e7in sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011frayan gemi ya da gemilerin bayrak devlet(ler)inin me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa hakk\u0131 temelinde orant\u0131l\u0131 bir silahl\u0131 savunma haklar\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\n\tNitekim 2019-2021 aras\u0131nda H\u00fcrm\u00fcz Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019nda baz\u0131 olaylar ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015f, 2019\u2019da Panama bayrakl\u0131 (Japon bir firmaya ait) ve Marshall Adalar\u0131 bayrakl\u0131 (Norve\u00e7li bir \u015firkete ait) bir petrol tankerine y\u00f6nelik may\u0131n<\/a> sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131, \u0130ran ile di\u011fer devletler, \u00f6zellikle de ABD<\/a> aras\u0131nda gerilimlere yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131. ABD, petrol tankerlerine y\u00f6nelik sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 \u0130ran Silahl\u0131 Kuvvetleri’nin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fini iddia ederek \u0130ran\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 kullanma se\u00e7ene\u011fini d\u0131\u015flamam\u0131\u015f; Almanya, Fransa, Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k, Avustralya, Japonya, Norve\u00e7, Bel\u00e7ika, G\u00fcney Kore ve di\u011fer \u00fclkeleri bir koalisyon i\u00e7erisinde bir araya getirme \u00e7abas\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
\n\tSonu\u00e7 olarak, y\u00fczy\u0131llard\u0131r uluslararas\u0131 ticaretin geli\u015fmesinde ba\u015fat rol oynayan denizler ve bo\u011fazlar, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde uluslararas\u0131 ticaretin devam\u0131 ve geli\u015fme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7ok daha \u00f6nemli bir i\u015fleve sahiptir. Silahl\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n ve bunlar\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 hukuksuzluklar\u0131n eskisine nazaran b\u00fct\u00fcn insanl\u0131\u011fa yay\u0131lan a\u011f\u0131r sonu\u00e7lar yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Deniz ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ve bo\u011fazlar\u0131 kapatman\u0131n bir sava\u015f arac\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 durumunda sava\u015f\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 art\u0131k daha da a\u011f\u0131r hale gelmektedir. Bundan sonra sava\u015f\u0131n devletler aras\u0131 ili\u015fkilerin bir arac\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n eskisi kadar kolay olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, sava\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flatanlar da dahil herkesin b\u00fcy\u00fck zararlara u\u011framas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 daha net g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Bu sonu\u00e7lardan ders \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131larak art\u0131k sava\u015flar d\u00f6neminin kapanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fine olan inanc\u0131n daha da g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesini bekleyebiliriz.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"